Background: Organizational commitment among nurses as care providers provided the quality of patient care by their conservation. Therefore, nurses are committed to the investment and the competitive advantage of clinics and hospitals which have a significant impact on increasing the quality of services. In this study, the effect of psychological contracts and organizational trust studied as an organizational commitment of Ghaem hospital nurses in Mashhad province.Materials and methods: Strategy survey - analysis of data obtained for the study of 193 Ghaem hospital nurses in the city of Mashhad through distributed questionnaires by the structural equations and partial the least squares method to seek the help of software were analyzed.Results: The results indicated that the first, model of the material used has a strong theoretical model that is to predict nurses' organizational commitment. Secondly, all direct and indirect relationships between variables in the model were significant. But the relationship between organizational trust and nurses’ continuous commitment was not confirmed.Conclusion: This study indicates not only depends on nurses' organizational commitment to creating positive psychological space, but also they are in the reliability of this space gives rise to the obligation. On the other hand, the quality of the organizational commitment for nurses could be effective and efficient in use of available resources. Therefore, hospital administrators need to be more attention to an effective component of organizational commitment as supply facilities, participate in decision making, good communication, and job enrichment.

Purpose: Organizational commitment can be explained by the quality of services provided by the staff. Thus, the study of the factors affecting the organizational commitment in Libraries can help us to have a managerial view about quality of services. Psychological contract is a new concept that hypothetically has a significant effect on organizational commitment. This study aimed to determine the effect of psychological contracts and organizational trust on organizational commitment of librarians in public libraries of Kerman Province.Methodology: This research was applied by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as a statistical method. The study population consisted of all librarians who are working in public libraries in Kerman province. According to Cochran formula, sample of 120 participants selected and randomized based on cluster sampling. 3 questionnaires were used to collect information about organizational commitment, organizational trust and psychological contracts. The obtained data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling with PLS 2 software.Findings: Findings firstly indicated that the research model had a good fit, and secondly, all direct and indirect routes except direct route between organizational commitment and psychological contracts were approved (Pvalue<0.01). The final model was presented after removing the direct path between psychological contracts and organizational commitment. Also, in evaluating the librarians organizational commitment components in terms of gender, the results showed that men compared to women ranked higher continuous commitment positions (Pvalue<0.01). Originality/Value: This study showed that psychological contracts have affected the organizational trust and commitment. This trust leads to a positive psychological climate among librarians. Thus, to create a positive psychological environment in the libraries, it is necessary to establish an organizational commitment.

This study explains the individual’s behavior toward profits and losses contained in differently framed combined incentive contracts. Individual’s risk preferences and loss preferences are measured using Holt and Laury (2002) measure of risk aversion and Brink and Rankin (2013) measure of loss aversion, respectively. The last measure was adjusted with compensation characteristics in Iran. The relationship between these preferences and individual’s behavior under economically equivalent contracts of different frames is examined using experiment. Participating 92 subjects as well as conducting four separate experiments, the result indicated that there is a negative relationship between loss aversion and accepatance of contracts which have penalty component. Also, subjects preferred the first clawback contract (bonus> penalty) rather than the second clawback contract (bonus< penalty). In other words, contracts framing as well as endowment effect play a vital role in individual choices. Failure of common economic theories in explaining of individual behavior is confirmed in this study.

The 4th wave of the human-Computer interaction (HCI) refers to the entanglement of a new form of interactive process between humans and emerging technologies and their presence in today’s human life. With an emphasis on the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), social robotics, virtual reality (VR), neural implants, cyber-physical systems, smart spaces, and autonomous vehicles (AVs), recent scientific literature has recognized the necessity of the human-computer interaction (HCI) 4th wave to show how human-machine interaction has turned into an ambiguous subject given human-technology boundaries. By reviewing, analyzing, and conceptually framing the literature, this study aimed to find possible relationships between the involved disciplines and architectural literature gaps. The obtained results can be used to (1) determine research gaps in the field of HCI from an architectural perspective to eliminate bias against emerging technologies, (2) theoretically explain how to design a virtual architectural space while considering those gaps, and (3) recommend a path for future studies. Given the research's goal and to develop the theoretical foundations, aiming at achieving a comprehensive concept that will go through the integration of the components of different fields of knowledge, systematic and content analyses have been used. The latent content and the thematic connection of the literature were analyzed using a structured and precise method. In the first stage, a broad range of literature with a rich variety of keywords was investigated, based on which the main keywords were extracted for final analysis and coding in three specific layers and different disciplines. To this end, 242 articles published between 2017 and 2022, as well as 21 doctoral theses published between 2019-2022 were reviewed. In the second stage, with the final screening, 73 articles were analyzed more closely using the thematic analysis method in MAXQDA and were categorized into 5 main codes and 17 sub-groups. The findings of the content analysis suggest that the level of knowledge of HCI and its subgroup in the 4th HCI wave is theoretically and practically evolving. Importance of HCI and its extensive use in different disciplines. This is because it accounted for 59% of the extracted content, followed by “Trust” with 19%, indicating the importance of the subject. The low frequency of design codes can be attributed to anthropological factors because there is still limited information about the users' awareness, preferences, and needs, and how this matter affects the design of virtual architectural space. This relationship has been less architecturally discussed and thus lacks a comprehensive definition. Results Showed In this stage, building up trust through anthropologically designed environments can encourage further use of this new lifestyle. It should be considered that trust in technology and machines is volatile as it is a form of feeling that varies in different situations. This study emphasizes that anthropologically informed design in virtual and intelligent environments is essential for enhancing human-technology interaction and a design based on trust-centered anthropological approaches increases the chance of welcoming emerging technologies and interacting with virtual spaces

Trust contracts is an important issue that has always been disputed jurists and lawyers, nature, validity and limits of liability clause is faithful. The nature of this condition can result if the condition is; It requires the fulfillment of certain causes and breath tradition to be achieved, In other words, the property with the consent of his faithful sponsor any loss or defect of the Trust's property, It is also possible for the condition is a verb; That is, if the property in trust by the trustee have wasted no abuse or wastage or defect, he is bound to compensate damages;But the credit condition of liability in contracts Trust (the loan) is disputed; but we must say that this requirement is contrary to the requirements of the contract itself and illegitimate and based on the principle of free will and is valid And its reliability to the extent that existing laws, public order and morality not in conflict. As with any provision of these conditions can In connection with the parties or in relation to third parties is concerned.

Ensuring a healthy environment involves and protects human beings and besides enjoying this right man has a commitment to protect it. The need to pay attention to the environment should be considered in parallel with the productive activities as a pillar of sustainable development. With regard to the position that the oil industry has found in today's world it should not be overlooked for human and environmental damage and we should look for solutions to reduce these injuries. Oil operations such as exploration development exploitation transportation and oil refining on the environment have devastating effects that can be controlled and reduced by measures. In this regard governments try to reduce the environmental impact of oil operations by setting laws and regulations. In this paper the emphasis on compliance with environmental requirements and the preservation of human rights of the environment has been addressed by the review of environmental laws and regulations and oil issues.

Energy Service Contract is an important method for energy saving. While taking some degree of risk, Energy Service Companies implement the energy-saving projects in the form of energy performance contracts for energy consumers (clients). This kind of contracts enjoy some new, subtle and different features. The question is whether this type of contract can be classified as a new contractual form? If not under which type of existing contract forms are they classified? In this paper, the framework of shared savings and guaranteed savings contracts as the main types of energy performance contracts is reviewed. Documents issued by the Ministry of Petroleum are compared to some certain contracts, including sales, promise of reward, hire-purchase and partnership; it is concluded that this specific kind of contract, is not compatible with any of the definite contract types mentioned above. Hence these contracts should be recognized under the principle of sovereignty and freeness of wills, Article 10 of the Civil Code. it is argued that these contracts are not marred by the risk of loss, so they are not defying the specific terms of law. it is argued that the structure of shared saving contracts is the same as of the reward contract under the definite contracts.

However, in the Iranian legal system, a legal entity called "administrative contract" has not been identified and despite the efforts of public law jurists, such a path has not gone well. But it seems that in Iran, in the shadow of the requirements of the modern state, some of the administrative contracts here, specifically the mandatory ones, have been in place for decades, and promise to establish a law known in the Roman-German tradition as an "administrative contract. " The present article answers this question by understanding such importance: What are the grounds and problems of the birth of administrative contracts through compulsory contracts in the Iranian system? In response to this question, using the research method descriptive-analytical, these results have been obtained. First,Compulsory contracts in Iran are, in many cases, functionally the same as administrative contracts. Second,Due to the occurrence of such a situation, one can hope for the legal recognition and establishment of administrative contracts in Iran and in this way it got rid of the confusion that prevails in the current atmosphere. Third,Despite the legislature's railing for the birth of administrative contracts in Iran, there are many obstacles in front of this legal institution in Iran. Fourth, The focus of these obstacles is in the view of the Guardian Council on the issue of the contract.

Lien is the right of recoupment by one party until liability fulfillment by other party. This right becomes binding in exchange contracts such as: sale and rent (lease). The main criteria for separationg them from non- exchange contracts is commitment and confrontation between parties, such that if one of these two is removed, the contrant will not been of exchange type. In addition to describing A major reason for conducting this research is investigation of the lien enforcement domain and lacking of its application for sale as well as highlighting its effects and consequences in mutual interest contracts from the viewpoint of jurisprudents. The research method is librarian and by using of appropriate.In this writing we described lien. Results showed that enforcement domain of the lien is not limited to sale contract; rather it involves other contracts such as rentand mutual interest settlement. Some of its consequences are its deposition on the lienclaimer and lacking of need to bring a suit and the court sentence for enforcing it.

Nowadays disruptions in the type of interactions and the level of independence have led to a transformation in the law of contracts.The most significant of these manifestations is represented in the increasing number of limitations placed on the freedom of contracts.In fact, in the modern society, owing to significant differences in the individual's bargaining power and disruption in the balance of contract, on the one hand, and specialization of affairs, on the other, absolute deference to this principle would probably defeat its own purpose; not only will it not increase public welfare, but also it will worsen the hardships and difficulties facing consumers.In modern law, limitations are imposed on the freedom of contract not only to prevent the making of contracts harmful to society, but sometimes it also requires individuals to conclude a contract or to accept the terms of the contract or to choose the other party to the point of impinging on the freedom of individuals.Therefore, compulsory contracts are the result of limitations on the concept of the freedom of contract and its territory is a function of the economic and social necessities of each country.